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What is Computer ? Computer is an electronic data processing machine which accepts input data from the user, stores the input data in its memory, processes the input data according to given instructions and finally gives us the desired output. What are Data ? Data are the raw facts and figures in the form of bits and bytes. What is information ? Information is processed data. Components of Computer Computer has two components. Such as: Hardware Software What is Hardware ? All the parts of computer that we can see and touch are known as hardware. Example - Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, etc. What is Software ? A set of statements written in a programming language is known as a instruction. A set of instructions is known as a program. A set of programs is known as a software. Example - Microsoft Windows, Adobe Photoshop, Typing Master, etc. Classification of Computers Computers can be classified into three categories. Those are: According to type of dat...
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Installing and configuring lighttpd webserver – HOWTO

 lighttpd is a web server for UNIX/Linux and Windows operating systems. It is an alternative to Apache web server. It is also called Lighty.


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It is designed to be secure, fast, standards-compliant, and flexible while being optimized for speed-critical environments. Its low memory footprint (compared to other web servers), light CPU load and its speed goals make lighttpd suitable for servers that are suffering load problems. Visit official site for more information.


This document shows you how to install lighttpd and covers basic configuration.


Installing lighttpd
If you are using RPM based distro (RedHat, Fedora and friends) download RPM and other formats here. Binary RPM is here


Download Fedora Core RPM Binary:
$ cd /tmp
$ wget http://lighttpd.net/download/lighttpd-1.4.13-1.i386.rpm
$ su -
# rpm -ivh lighttpd-1.4.13-1.i386.rpm


Now skip to configuration section.


Debian Linux user use apt-get command to install lighttpd:
# apt-get install lighttpd


Now skip to configuration section.


Source code installation
Above RPM binary does not carries mod_rewrite and other stuff, so I had decided to rebuild lighttpd from source code (note source code installation is recommended for advanced users only):
$ cd /tmp


Get latest source code:
$ wget http://lighttpd.net/download/lighttpd-1.4.13.tar.gz


Untar tar ball:
$ tar -zxvf lighttpd-1.4.13.tar.gz
$ cd lighttpd-1.4.13


Configure lighttpd with ./configure
$ ./configure --host=i686-redhat-linux-gnu \
--build=i686-redhat-linux-gnu \
--target=i386-redhat-linux \
--program-prefix= --prefix=/usr \
--exec-prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/usr/bin \
--sbindir=/usr/sbin \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--datadir=/usr/share \
--includedir=/usr/include \
--libdir=/usr/lib \
--libexecdir=/usr/libexec \
--localstatedir=/var \
--sharedstatedir=/usr/com \
--mandir=/usr/share/man \
--infodir=/usr/share/info \
--with-openssl \
--with-pcre \
--with-zlib \
--with-bzip2 \
--disable-ipv6 \
--with-PACKAGE=mod_redirect \
--with-rewrite \
--with-redirect \
--with-ssi


Above configure option includes support for SSL, mod_rewrite, ssi, mod_redirect etc. Run following command to get help on all other available options:
$ ./configure --help | less


Install lighttpd:
$ make
# make install


Create a configuration directory:
# mkdir /etc/lighttpd/


Create lighttpd user and group:
# groupadd lighttpd
# useradd -g lighttpd -d /var/www/html -s /sbin/nologin lighttpd


OR
# adduser -g lighttpd -d /var/www/html -s /sbin/nologin lighttpd


Create a log directory:
# mkdir /var/log/lighttpd
# chown lighttpd:lighttpd /var/log/lighttpd


Download sample config and startup files:
# cd /etc/lighttpd
# wget http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/wp-content/uploads/2006/07/lighttpd.conf.txt
# mv lighttpd.conf.txt lighttpd.conf
# chown lighttpd:root /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf
# cd /etc/init.d/
# wget http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/wp-content/uploads/2006/07/lighttpd.txt
# mv lighttpd.txt lighttpd
# chmod +x lighttpd



Configuring lighttpd
Following are important files for lighttpd server:


The default lighttpd configuration file: /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf (download sample lighttpd.conf file)
Service startup script: /etc/init.d/lighttpd (download sample lighttpd file)
These files are installed by default for all binary installations methods. Now lighttpd installed and it is time to configure lighttpd.


Remove apache
If you are not going to use Apache v1.3/2.x at all, then it is better to remove it (make sure you have a backup of Apache data and config file):
# rpm -e httpd
# yum remove httpd
# apt-get remove apache2


Understanding core lighttpd Directives
Following are core lighttpd Directives:


server.document-root = “/var/www/html”: Specifies default document-root for your server.
server.port = 80: Specifies default http port for your server.
server.username = “lighttpd”
server.groupname = “lighttpd”: Specifies default username and groups to start/stop lighttpd server. This is a security feature (as it drops root privileges).
server.bind = “server-ip-address”: Specify server ip-address. You can also specify hostname such as theos.in.
server.tag =”lighttpd”: Use to setup lighttpd name and version number (default). This is security feature. You can setup it as follows:
server.tag ="myWebServer v1.0"


Please note that this name is reported by the Server response header (you can see it using netcraft)
server.errorlog = “/var/log/lighttpd/error.log”: Specify the error-log file.
accesslog.filename = “/var/log/lighttpd”: Specify the accesslog file name (use to generate stats using stats software).
index-file.names = ( “index.php”, “index.html” ): A list of files to search for if a directory is requested.
server.modules = (
“mod_access”,
“mod_accesslog”,
“mod_fastcgi”,
“mod_rewrite”,
“mod_auth”
): Above modules are loaded by lighty:


mod_access: The access module is used to deny access to files with given trailing path names.
mod_accesslog: Use to write CLF log, flexible like apache
mod_fastcgi : FastCGI for perl/PHP etc
mod_rewrite : Good for writing SEO urls
mod_auth: Authntication (password protected directory)
mimetype.assign = (
“.pdf” => “application/pdf”,
“.sig” => “application/pgp-signature”
): Use to setup mimetype mapping.


Open file /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf and setup all of the above directives:
# vi /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf


Save the file and start the lighttpd:
# /etc/init.d/lighttpd start


Verify that lighttpd is running:
$ netstat -ntulp


Output:


Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 29855/sshd
tcp 0 0 203.111.103.81:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 5866/lighttpd
...
.....
..
Fire your web browser and test new setup by typing URL: http://your-domain.com/ or http://server-ip/


Next time I will cover following topics:


Lighttpd How to
PHP FastCGI configuration
Lighttpd Virtual hosting configuration
Lighttpd howto setup cgi-bin access for perl programs
How to Configure lighttpd alias (mod_alias)
Multiple IP address virtual hosting configuration (bind multiple IPs)
Rotating logs with logrotate
Red Hat enterprise Linux Install lighttpd and Fastcgi PHP
Use and Install PHP 5 and php-fastcgi on Red Hat Enterprise Linux version 4 under lighttpd
Lighttpd: redirect feed traffic to a Feedburner account
Lighttpd redirect www.domain.com requests to domain.com or vice versa
Lighttpd map html pages to php (execute html pages as php)
How to upgrade chrooted lighttpd web server
PHP send email using authenticated smtp server in real time
Lighttpd security
Ultimate Web server Security. Run and configure Lighttpd, php,perl, mysql support in chrooted jail
SSL configuration
Lighttpd create and use self signed SSL Certificates
Password protected directories – I
Lighttpd secure digest authentication (mod_auth) Password protected directories – II
Lighttpd deny access to certain files
Block libwww-perl based bots
Install secure chrooted lighttpd under Ubuntu Linux 64 bit version
Access configuration
Lighttpd software configuration how-tos
Lighttpd install and configure Webalizer statistics software
Lighttpd and wordpress setup clean SEO friendly URLs
Lighttpd prevent image hotlinking or leeching or direct linking
Lighttpd Server Monitoring
Monitor and restart lighttpd webserver when daemon is killed
Lighttpd Troubleshooting
Lighttpd web server and php eAccelerator cache problem
Lighttpd beware of default php session path permission
Lighttpd php segfault at 0000000000000040 rip 0000003e30228278 rsp 0000007fbffff708 error 4
Setup sendmail php mail() support for chrooted Lighttpd or Apache web server
HTTP Error 500 Internal server for php pages and solution (missing php.ini)
Download: Lighttpd Sample config and RPM files
Red Hat enterprise Linux
(AMD x86_64 bit) PHP-FastCGI RPM files
Sample config files for RHEL, Fedora, Debian and test files

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